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In psychology, anomalistic psychology is the study of human behaviour and experience connected with what is often called the paranormal, with the assumption that there is nothing paranormal involved. ==Overview== According to anomalistic psychology, paranormal phenomena have naturalistic explanations resulting from psychological and physical factors which have sometimes given the impression of paranormal activity to some people, in fact, where there have been none.〔Nicola Holt, Christine Simmonds-Moore, David Luke, Christopher French. (2012). ''Anomalistic Psychology (Palgrave Insights in Psychology)''. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230301504〕 The phrase "Anomalistic Psychology" was a term first suggested by the psychologists Leonard Zusne and Warren Jones in their book ''Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking'' (1989) which systematically treats phenomena of human consciousness and behaviors that may appear to violate the laws of nature when they actually do not.〔Leonard Zusne, Warren H. Jones. (1989). ''Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking''. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0805805086〕 Anomalistic psychology has a long history. The physician John Ferriar wrote ''An Essay Towards a Theory of Apparitions'' in 1813 in which he argued that sightings of ghosts were the result of optical illusions. Later the French physician Alexandre Jacques François Brière de Boismont published ''On Hallucinations: Or, the Rational History of Apparitions, Dreams, Ecstasy, Magnetism, and Somnambulism'' in 1845 in which he claimed sightings of ghosts were the result of hallucinations.〔Shane McCorristine. (2010). ''Spectres of the Self: Thinking About Ghosts and Ghost-Seeing in England, 1750–1920''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–56. ISBN 978-0521747967〕 William Benjamin Carpenter in his book ''Mesmerism, Spiritualism, Etc: Historically and Scientifically Considered'' (1877) wrote Spiritualist practices could be explained by fraud, delusion, hypnotism and suggestion.〔William Benjamin Carpenter. (1877). ''Mesmerism, Spiritualism, Etc: Historically and Scientifically Considered''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108027397〕 The British psychiatrist Henry Maudsley in ''Natural Causes and Supernatural Seemings'' (1886) wrote that so-called supernatural experiences could be explained in terms of disorders of the mind and were simply "malobservations and misinterpretations of nature".〔Ivan Leudar, Philip Thomas. (2000). ''Voices of Reason, Voices of Insanity: Studies of Verbal Hallucinations''. Routledge. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-0415147873〕 Lionel Weatherly (a psychiatrist) and John Nevil Maskelyne (a magician) wrote ''The Supernatural?'' (1891) which offered rational explanations for apparitions, paranormal and religious experiences and Spiritualism.〔Lionel Weatherly, John Nevil Maskelyne. (2011). ''The Supernatural? (Cambridge Library Collection – Spiritualism and Esoteric Knowledge)''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108029193〕 In his book ''Christian Science, Medicine, and Occultism'' (1902) Albert Moll wrote that practices such as Christian Science, Spiritualism and occultism were the result of fraud and hypnotic suggestion. Moll argued that suggestion explained the cures of Christian Science, as well as the apparently supernatural rapport between magnetisers and their somnambulists. He wrote that fraud and hypnotism could explain mediumistic phenomena.〔Wolffram, Heather. (2012). (''‘Trick’, ‘Manipulation’ and ‘Farce’: Albert Moll’s Critique of Occultism'' ). Medical History 56(2): 277–295.〕 Karl Jaspers in his book ''General Psychopathology'' (1913) stated that all paranormal phenomena are manifestations of psychiatric symptoms.〔Karl Jaspers. (1913). ''General Psychopathology''. Baltimore. MD: Johns Hopkins. ISBN 978-0801858154〕 Other scientists who studied anomalistic psychology include Millais Culpin, Joseph Jastrow, Charles Arthur Mercier and Ivor Lloyd Tuckett. The Canadian psychologist Graham Reed published a major work on the subject ''The Psychology of Anomalous Experience'' (1972).〔Graham Reed. (1972). ''The Psychology of Anomalous Experience: A Cognitive Approach''. Hutchinson University Library. ISBN 978-0091132408〕 Various psychological publications have explained in detail how reported paranormal phenomena such as mediumship, precognition, out-of-body experiences and psychics can be explained by psychological factors without recourse to the supernatural. Researchers involved with anomalistic psychology try to provide plausible non-paranormal accounts, supported by empirical evidence, of how psychological and physical factors might combine to give the impression of paranormal activity when there had been none. Apart from deception or self-deception such explanations might involve cognitive biases, anomalous psychological states, dissociative states, hallucinations, personality factors, developmental issues and the nature of memory.〔(What is Anomalistic Psychology? )〕 The psychologist David Marks wrote that paranormal phenomena can be explained by magical thinking, mental imagery, subjective validation, coincidence, hidden causes, and fraud.〔Marks, David. (1988). ''The psychology of paranormal beliefs''. Experientia, 44, 332–337.〕 Robert Baker wrote that many paranormal phenomena can be explained via psychological effects such as hallucinations, sleep paralysis and hidden memories, a phenomenon in which experiences that originally make little conscious impression are filed away in the brain to be suddenly remembered later in an altered form.〔Robert Baker. (1996). ''Hidden Memories: Voices and Visions from Within''. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1573920940〕 Massimo Polidoro a professor of Anomalistic Psychology at the University of Milano Bicocca, Italy teaches the course "Scientific Method, Pseudoscience and Anomalistic Psychology".〔(Biography of Massimo Polidoro )〕 Another notable researcher is the British psychologist Chris French who set up the Anomalistic Psychology Research Unit (APRU) in the Department of Psychology at Goldsmiths, University of London.〔(Anomalistic psychology: What is it and why bother? by Chris French )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anomalistic psychology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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